In the last six years since the third edition came out in 2013, lots of new changes have taken place in Nepal and in the subjects covered under this book. A new constitution was promulgated in 2015. Its provisions, including the fundamental rights and governance have far-reaching implications in each and every aspect of the business of bureaucracy. Nepal entered a federal system of governance in which federal, provincial and local levels have started to function in accordance with the constitution. Nepal implemented two short-term plans and executed the programs for achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in addition to starting implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Nepal became eligible to graduate from the group of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and is poised to exit the group soon. Many new laws have been adopted in accordance with the new constitution. A stable government has initiated many policies and programs of far-reaching implications, including in the connectivity with the neighbouring countries. There have been paradigm shifts in the concept of public administration, with a thrust on New Public Governance. Many new ideas and concepts have been floated in each of the topics covered by the third edition of this book. All of this demanded a revision of the book to update it with the latest information and ideas. This fourth edition is the outcome of that need. This edition also includes a few new chapters related to the business of bureaucracy that have started to matter in administration and governance, including in federal and local governance and the administrative restructuring along the federal system.